England knows how many children it detects with elevated blood lead. The UK does not know how many children have it. This review examines what LEICSS surveillance can and cannot establish, why the 2021 change to the intervention concentration complicates…
Joining copper or brass to lead creates a galvanic cell that concentrates corrosion at the junction, and an insert made with brass couplings creates two of them. Why partial repairs to lead pipework can raise lead at the tap, what…
A laboratory can measure lead in a water sample with high precision, but it cannot determine what that concentration represents. This review examines the sampling variables that govern what a lead result is evidence of, and argues that an analytical…
Most writing about lead concerns children, and the emphasis is well placed. The developing brain is the most vulnerable target and the neurodevelopmental evidence is the strongest in the field. But lead does not stop mattering when a person grows…
More than five decades of epidemiological, engineering and public-health evidence show a consistent relationship between lead in drinking water and blood lead concentrations wherever lead-bearing plumbing remains in service — and that reducing drinking-water lead reduces the biological burden of…
Thames Water estimated 1.15 million lead communication pipes remained in its area in March 2025, and calculated that clearing them at its then-current rate would take until 2135. The customer-owned side is larger and uncounted. Why London's Victorian terraces are…
Abstract Lead contamination of drinking water from legacy plumbing remains a significant public-health concern globally. Although the use of lead in new drinking-water pipework has been prohibited or heavily restricted in many high-income countries for decades, older lead service lines,…
Introduction: When Lead Exposure Shows Up at School Something important about lead exposure is that it rarely announces itself. Children do not collapse or turn visibly ill. The effects can unfold slowly, often invisibly, through the developing brain — and…
Introduction For decades, Scotland’s history of violence has usually been explained through deprivation, alcohol, industrial decline, policing, family breakdown and wider social dislocation. Those explanations matter. But there is another factor that has rarely been given the same weight in…
Executive summary The overall body of evidence supports an association between childhood lead exposure and ADHD diagnosis and/or ADHD-related symptom domains. The most consistent links are with hyperactivity, impulsivity, and broader externalising behavioural dysregulation. That does not mean lead is…
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